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Prabhakar Barwe (1936-95) could well have ended up a theoretician whose book 'Kora Canvas' (Blank Canvas) was a manifesto that established the multi-dimensional relationship between an artist, the object on which he paints, and his subjects. That he was not just an intellectual scholar but an artist whose work speaks for him, is evident through a range of works in which Barwe dissects our understanding of the world and how we view it. Taking commonplace objects and our perception of their existence in the space they occupy, he shifts the dialogue to a point of discomfiture that makes us question our understanding of them. Using scale, discordant juxtapositions, and displacements, he reimagines the everyday in a manner that is thought-provoking, even provocative, as alternate realities—whether perceived or imagined.

This is the first-ever retrospective of the Indian modern artist Avinash Chandra who lived most of his life in the West, in London and New York. The artist, who had trained in New Delhi, left soon after for London, and most of his practice was limited to London and New York, the two cities he called his home till his unfortunately early death in 1991. In the roughly three-and-a-half decades of his career, Avinash’s work changed amazingly, reflecting his environment and milieu as he grew and adapted to cities vastly different from their Indian counterparts, with their own sub-cultures. That this happily coincided with a discovery of India, however superfluously, as a land of spirituality and sexuality, seemed to serve him well as his muse.

The pinwheel of emotions is the genesis of our current exhibition, 'Navrasa: The Nine Emotions of Art'. This unique treatise of emotions and moods has formed the foundation for the performing and visual arts in India. As we researched deeper to explore the dynamics it shares with Indian modern art, we found that all emotions are intrinsically linked with each other, that they trigger actions and reactions and are catalysts for change. 'Navrasa' explores Indian modernism and looks at the works of masters through the nine primary emotions, and breaks new ground in the visualisation of Indian art. Raiba A. H. Muller A. Ramachandran Altaf Amal Nath Chakladar Amit Ambalal Anonymous Anonymous (Bengal ‘School’) Anonymous (Early Bengal School) Anonymous (Early Bengal, Kalighat Style) Anonymous (Kalighat Pat Anupam Sud Arpana Caur Arun Bose Arup Das Asit Haldar B. N. Arya B. Prabha Badri Narayan Bijan Choudhury Bikash Bhattacharjee Bireswar Sen C. Douglas Chintamoni Kar Chittaprosad D. P. Roy Chowdhury Dattatraya Apte Dharamanarayan Dasgupta F. N. Souza G. Reghu Gogi Saroj Pal Gopal Ghose Gopal Sanyal Haren Das Indu Rakshit J. Sultan Ali Jagadish Dey Jai Zharotia Jamini Roy Jaya Ganguly Jogen Chowdhury Jyoti Bhatt K. C. S. Paniker K. G. Subramanyan K. H. Ara K. K. Hebbar K. S. Kulkarni Kanchan Chander Kartick Chandra Pyne Krishen Khanna Kshitindranath Mazumdar Laxman Pai M. F. Husain Madhvi Parekh Mukul Dey Navjot Nemai Ghosh Nikhil Biswas P. S. Chander Shekar P. T. Reddy Paritosh Sen Prodosh Das Gupta Prokash Karmakar Rabin Mondal Radhacharan Bagchi Raja Ravi Varma Rameshwar Broota Ranbir Singh Kaleka S. Dhanapal Sakti Burman Sanat Chatterjee Sanat Kar Satish Gujral Satish Sinha Shyamal Dutta Ray Somnath Hore Stefan Norblin Subba Ghosh Sudhir Khastgir Sukhvinder Singh Sunil Das Sunil Madhav Sen Thota Vaikuntam Tyeb Mehta V. Nageshkar

The idea of primitivism centres on the wish to identify with, or respond to, elements of a society that are deemed ‘primitive’. In artistic terms, it is about rejecting realism, simplifying technique and reducing the formal means of expression to a ‘primitive’ state. The term itself is borrowed from discussions of Western art, where high-profile examples include the images of Tahiti and its people made in the 1890s by Paul Gauguin, and responses to African sculpture by Pablo Picasso in 1906-09. The second thread of primitivism—the reduction of formal means—is best exemplified by the ‘cut-outs’ made by Henri Matisse in the 1940s.

The Devi or the female power in Hindu mythology appears in various avatars in our everyday lives—as idols during the puja, on covers of magazines, product labels, calendars and posters. The modern history of visualising the Devi goes back to naturalistic depictions in oil paintings by the Early Bengal artists, which were surpassed in popularity and fame by Raja Ravi Varma and his studio. His representation, however, was regarded as too human-like by artists of the Bengal School in the early twentieth century, who created idealised forms based on a synthesis of classical visual traditions. In the twentieth century, we find artists responding to distinctive traits of the goddess to portray specific aspects of her power, or to convey the artist's own relationship with divinity. Few artists who have turned to Hindu myths have been able to escape the temptation to interpret the female power in their own way, and the diversity in style, medium, and mood is a testament to that.

From 1797, when British artist Thomas Daniell painted his masterly landscape of Mahabalipuram, to 2003, the year Rameshwar Broota's painting pitching man against metal resulted in a powerful image, the Indian art world has seen a succession of artists and movements that have enriched its vocabulary in more ways than one. Thomas Daniell Sita Ram Early Bengal School Raja Ravi Varma Edwin Lord Weeks Marius Bauer Ustad Allah Bakhsh Studio of Bourne & Shepherd M. V. Dhurandhar Hemendranath Mazumdar M. A. R. Chughtai Nandalal Bose Jamini Roy Laxman Pai J. Swaminathan Francis Newton Souza J. Sultan Ali Rabin Mondal S. H. Raza K. K. Hebbar Akbar Padamsee Tyeb Mehta K. H. Ara S. K. Bakre Bireswar Sen Nirode Mazumdar Shanti Dave Gulam Rasool Santosh Madhvi Parekh Satish Gujral Bikash Bhattacharjee Maqbool Fida Husain Meera Mukherjee Rameshwar Broota

In a career spanning four decades, Amitava’s location as an artist has determined the authority that he brings to his practice. As an artist studying and working in the 1960s, Amitava Das experienced a decade of fragmented locii. The ’60s, the period of his education at the College of Art, was the decade of wars, fiscal difficulty and an uncertain polity in the wake of the death of Jawaharlal Nehru. Further, as a second generation pravasi (non-residing Indian) Bengali, the roiling political violence of West Bengal’s Naxal movement came to him through the filter of poetry, film and art—much as he would have received the existential writing of Camus, Genet and Rilke. Through the 1960s and ’70s, small groups of artists and filmmakers in different pockets in India had a heightened response: the state of the nation found an uncanny echo in the language of modernism, of the artist’s isolation and purity even within a state of uncertainty.

Works of art made by Indian artists for Western patrons in the early colonial period are what we now call Company Painting. The artists, who might otherwise have worked for an Indian court, sought new markets among those employed in various capacities by the European trading companies, and especially the British East India Company. Some patrons supplied the artists with new materials such as European-made paper and transparent watercolour pigments, and expressed preferences regarding subject matter, leading to new departures in both style and substance in Indian art. One of the most delightful genres of Company Painting was natural history: images of India’s plants, animals, and birds. Company Painting Company Paintings British Era

As printing technologies improved around the turn of the 18th century, a large number of cheaply reproduced printed pictures—illustrated books, almanacs and mythological images—became available to the common people. This became an important vehicle of social change because people could own, produce and disseminate images of all kinds—from their beloved deities and favourite fictional characters to political cartoons critiquing colonial authorities. Printmaking was equally treasured by artists for its aesthetic potential, as techniques like lithography, etching, metal engraving, viscosity, gave practitioners infinite opportunities for creative exploration. This landmark exhibition gives us a comprehensive overview of the history of the printed picture in India.