The Three Indian Illustrators of the Rubaiyat: A book transcending cultures and time
The Three Indian Illustrators of the Rubaiyat: A book transcending cultures and time
The Three Indian Illustrators of the Rubaiyat: A book transcending cultures and time
collection stories
The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by Edward FitzGerald is an anthology of four-line verses first published in 1859. The poems were inspired by Persian quatrains credited to Omar Khayyam (1048-1131), which became a global phenomenon at the turn of the twentieth century. The first edition of FitzGerald’s Rubaiyat has been uniquely published over 3700 times, and the verses translated over 1000 times. The DAG Archives host three different editions of the Rubaiyat with illustrations by Abanindranath Tagore, Mahadev Vishwanath Dhurandhar and Mera Ben Kavas Sett, allowing us the opportunity to study the publication and its different interpretations. Even though the technique employed by each artist differs drastically, they all illustrated the 1859 first edition of the Rubaiyat. |
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Who was Omar Khayyam? |
Omar Khayyam’s Rubaiyat, But as FitzGerald Saw it Fit Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) reimagined the rubai as fit for his contemporary English audience. While composing, he used the iambic pentameter rhyming scheme in 'aaba' pattern (where the first, second, and fourth lines rhyme). FitzGerald published the 1859 edition as an assortment of quatrains but reorganised them in following editions to create a narrative structure like a sonnet or lyric poem. In its title, FitzGerald identified Omar Khayyam as the originator of the rubai, but his was a greatly inspired reimagination, with many liberties taken to make the verses more accessible to his contemporary Victorian English-speaking readers. Their immense popularity led to the rediscovery of Persia’s short-format Khayyami poetry, along with hitherto unknown poets who shared Khayyam’s structure of composing. |
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Eva Rivett-Carnac
Miniature portrait of Edward FitzGerald by Eva Rivett-Carnac (DoB Unknown-1939) after a photograph of 1873
Watercolour on ivory
Collection: National Portrait Gallery, London, Public Domain

Charles Edmund Brock
Portrait of Edward Byles Cowell (1826-1903)
Oil on canvas
Collection: Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University, Public Domain

Eva Rivett-Carnac
Miniature portrait of Edward FitzGerald by Eva Rivett-Carnac (DoB Unknown-1939) after a photograph of 1873
Watercolour on ivory
Collection: National Portrait Gallery, London, Public Domain

Charles Edmund Brock
Portrait of Edward Byles Cowell (1826-1903)
Oil on canvas
Collection: Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University, Public Domain

Eva Rivett-Carnac
Miniature portrait of Edward FitzGerald by Eva Rivett-Carnac (DoB Unknown-1939) after a photograph of 1873
Watercolour on ivory
Collection: National Portrait Gallery, London, Public Domain

Charles Edmund Brock
Portrait of Edward Byles Cowell (1826-1903)
Oil on canvas
Collection: Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University, Public Domain
India Connection to the Rubaiyat |

Advertisement for Omar Turkish Cigarettes by American Tobacco Company
Printed Advertisement
1910
Collection: Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising

Advertisement for Omar Turkish Cigarettes by American Tobacco Company
Printed Advertisement
1910
Collection: Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising

Advertisement for Omar Turkish Cigarettes by American Tobacco Company
Printed Advertisement
1910
Collection: Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising

Advertisement for Omar Turkish Cigarettes by American Tobacco Company
Printed Advertisement
1910
Collection: Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising

Advertisement for Omar Turkish Cigarettes by American Tobacco Company
Printed Advertisement
1910
Collection: Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising
Indian Artists Imagining the Rubaiyat Like elsewhere in the world, the Rubaiyat was a popular publication in twentieth century India, and among the many versions available to us, a Hindi translation was penned by Harivansh Rai Bachchan. Due to its fame, illustrations were commissioned to complement new publications. The three illustrators—Abanindranath Tagore, M. V. Dhurandhar, and M. K. Sett—selected for this comparison showcase different ways these interactions occurred. |
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Abanindranath Tagore |





M. V. Dhurandhar |

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
c. 20th century
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
c. 20th century
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
c. 20th century
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
c. 20th century
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
c. 20th century
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
c. 20th century
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
c. 20th century
Print on paper, four flap hardcover
M. K. Sett |

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers
Tagore’s Illustrations of the Rubai |

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback
Dhurandhar’s Illustrations of the Rubai |
Sett’s Illustrations of the Rubai Antiquarians have compared Sett’s images to English illustrator Aubrey Beardsley. The imagery is both fantastical and abstract, with figures presented in minimally detailed backdrops. Figures are shown in the nude, wearing sunglasses or even traditional clothing such as the Parsi gara saree. In Sett’s drawings, humans share frames with hybrid mythical creatures such as nymphs and satyrs. The illustrations bear similarity with contemporary graphic novels, as drawings and text are interspersed within rectangular borders. Of the three images of the 75th rubai, Sett’s illustration makes the most profound allusion to death, because it shows a woman lying on a bed, with a wine-glass loosely placed on her hand. |
M.K. Sett Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Print on paper, hardcover four flap cover c.20th century |

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

M. K. Sett
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
Print on paper, four flap hardcover

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

Abanindranath Tagore
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1910
Print on paper, hardcover four flap folder cover with a linen lining on the spine and glassine dust wrappers

M. V. Dhurandhar
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1944
Print on paper, paperback
From a post-colonial perspective, the FitzGerald's Rubaiyat offers multiple readings. The English poems can be studied as an example of cultural appropriation, or the stereotypical ‘othering’ of the non-Western world. The verses refer to a cup-bearer who was a young man in the Persian rubai, but changed to a young woman by FitzGerald, so a critical reading in gender studies is also applicable. When seeing the three illustrators at work, different conversations come to the forefront. Tagore constructed his technique out of Mughal miniature and Japanese painting, deliberately moving away from European conventions, echoing the sentiments of the Swadeshi movement. In Dhurandhar, we see the colonial Indian artist’s mastery over academic realism—elevating himself, and then finding success in the standard of excellence established by the colonial rule. Sett’s work is emblematic of the Art Deco movement that was taking over twentieth century Bombay, and was witnessed especially in architecture, interior design, and popularised by European artists such as Stefan Norblin. |
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Looking Back at the Rubaiyat Now |





further reading
More about Abanindranath Tagore in '150 Years of Abanindranath Tagore'.
Bob Forest, Appendix 17: Mera K. Sett & Rupert Brooke, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Archive. Read More
Manan Kapoor, 'Why Edward FitzGerald's Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam is one of the most controversial translations ever', Scroll, 22 June 2019. Read More
Dick Sullivan, 'Edward FitzGerald's The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam', The Victorian Web, 17 January 2014. Read More
Edward FitzGerald, Edward Henry Whinfield, and J. B. Nicolas, The Sufistic Quartrains of Omar Khayyam (New York & London: M. Walter Dunne, 1903). Read More
Bob Forest, 'Kuza-Nama,' Verse by Verse Notes on The Rubaiyat (1859 edition), The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Archive. Read More
'Tanam Shud case', Wikipedia. Read More
Credits
Written by Shatadeep Maitra
Archival material curated by Sanjana S.